Python爬蟲之Scrapy環(huán)境搭建
如何搭建Scrapy環(huán)境
首先要安裝Python環(huán)境，Python環(huán)境搭建見：https://blog.csdn.net/alice_tl/article/details/76793590
接下來安裝Scrapy
1、安裝Scrapy，在終端使用pip install Scrapy（注意最好是國(guó)外的環(huán)境）
進(jìn)度提示如下：
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alicedeMacBook-Pro:~ alice$ pip install ScrapyCollecting Scrapy Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/5d/12/a6197eaf97385e96fd8ec56627749a6229a9b3178ad73866a0b1fb377379/Scrapy-1.5.1-py2.py3-none-any.whlCollecting w3lib>=1.17.0 (from Scrapy) Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/37/94/40c93ad0cadac0f8cb729e1668823c71532fd4a7361b141aec535acb68e3/w3lib-1.19.0-py2.py3-none-any.whlCollecting six>=1.5.2 (from Scrapy) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/setuptools/dist.py", line 380, in fetch_build_egg return cmd.easy_install(req) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/setuptools/command/easy_install.py", line 632, in easy_install raise DistutilsError(msg) distutils.errors.DistutilsError: Could not find suitable distribution for Requirement.parse('incremental>=16.10.1') ----------------------------------------Command "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1 in /private/var/folders/v1/9x8s5v8x74v86vnpqyttqy280000gn/T/pip-install-U_6VZF/Twisted/ |
出現(xiàn)缺少Twisted的錯(cuò)誤提示：
Command "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1 in /private/var/folders/v1/9x8s5v8x74v86vnpqyttqy280000gn/T/pip-install-U_6VZF/Twisted/
2、安裝Twiseted，終端里輸入：sudo pip install twisted==13.1.0
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alicedeMacBook-Pro:~ alice$ pip install twisted==13.1.0Collecting twisted==13.1.0 Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/10/38/0d1988d53f140ec99d37ac28c04f341060c2f2d00b0a901bf199ca6ad984/Twisted-13.1.0.tar.bz2 (2.7MB) 100% |████████████████████████████████| 2.7MB 398kB/s Requirement already satisfied: zope.interface>=3.6.0 in /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python (from twisted==13.1.0) (4.1.1)Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python (from zope.interface>=3.6.0->twisted==13.1.0) (18.5)Installing collected packages: twisted Running setup.py install for twisted ... error Complete output from command /usr/bin/python -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/private/var/folders/v1/9x8s5v8x74v86vnpqyttqy280000gn/T/pip-install-inJwZ2/twisted/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /private/var/folders/v1/9x8s5v8x74v86vnpqyttqy280000gn/T/pip-record-OmuVWF/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile: running install running build running build_py creating build creating build/lib.macosx-10.13-intel-2.7 creating build/lib.macosx-10.13-intel-2.7/twisted copying twisted/copyright.py -> build/lib.macosx-10.13-intel-2.7/twisted copying twisted/_version.py -> build/li |
3、再次使用sudo pip install scrapy安裝，發(fā)現(xiàn)仍然出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤提示，這次是沒有安裝lxml的錯(cuò)誤提示：
Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement lxml (from Scrapy) (from versions: )
No matching distribution found for lxml (from Scrapy)
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alicedeMacBook-Pro:~ alice$ sudo pip install ScrapyThe directory '/Users/alice/Library/Caches/pip/http' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and the cache has been disabled. Please check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.The directory '/Users/alice/Library/Caches/pip' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and caching wheels has been disabled. check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.Collecting Scrapy Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/5d/12/a6197eaf97385e96fd8ec56627749a6229a9b3178ad73866a0b1fb377379/Scrapy-1.5.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (249kB) 100% |████████████████████████████████| 256kB 210kB/s Collecting w3lib>=1.17.0 (from Scrapy) xxxxxxxxxxxx Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/90/50/4c315ce5d119f67189d1819629cae7908ca0b0a6c572980df5cc6942bc22/Twisted-18.7.0.tar.bz2 (3.1MB) 100% |████████████████████████████████| 3.1MB 59kB/s Collecting lxml (from Scrapy) Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement lxml (from Scrapy) (from versions: )No matching distribution found for lxml (from Scrapy) |
4、安裝lxml，使用：sudo pip install lxml
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alicedeMacBook-Pro:~ alice$ sudo pip install lxmlThe directory '/Users/alice/Library/Caches/pip/http' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and the cache has been disabled. Please check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.The directory '/Users/alice/Library/Caches/pip' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and caching wheels has been disabled. check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.Collecting lxml Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a1/2c/6b324d1447640eb1dd240e366610f092da98270c057aeb78aa596cda4dab/lxml-4.2.4-cp27-cp27m-macosx_10_6_intel.macosx_10_9_intel.macosx_10_9_x86_64.macosx_10_10_intel.macosx_10_10_x86_64.whl (8.7MB) 100% |████████████████████████████████| 8.7MB 187kB/s Installing collected packages: lxmlSuccessfully installed lxml-4.2.4 |
5、再次安裝scrapy，使用sudo pip install scrapy，安裝成功
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alicedeMacBook-Pro:~ alice$ sudo pip install ScrapyThe directory '/Users/alice/Library/Caches/pip/http' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and the cache has been disabled. Please check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.The directory '/Users/alice/Library/Caches/pip' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and caching wheels has been disabled. check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.Collecting Scrapy Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/5d/12/a6197eaf97385e96fd8ec56627749a6229a9b3178ad73866a0b1fb377379/Scrapy-1.5.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (249kB) 100% |████████████████████████████████| 256kB 11.5MB/s Collecting w3lib>=1.17.0 (from Scrapy) xxxxxxxxxRequirement already satisfied: lxml in /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages (from Scrapy) (4.2.4)Collecting functools32; python_version < "3.0" (from parsel>=1.1->Scrapy) Retrying (Retry(total=4, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ReadTimeoutError("HTTPSConnectionPool(host='pypi.org', port=443): Read timed out. (read timeout=15)",)': /simple/functools32/ Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/4b/2a/0276479a4b3caeb8a8c1af2f8e4355746a97fab05a372e4a2c6a6b876165/idna-2.7-py2.py3-none-any.whl (58kB) 100% |████████████████████████████████| 61kB 66kB/s Installing collected packages: w3lib, cssselect, functools32, parsel, queuelib, PyDispatcher, attrs, pyasn1-modules, service-identity, zope.interface, constantly, incremental, Automat, idna, hyperlink, PyHamcrest, Twisted, Scrapy Running setup.py install for functools32 ... done Running setup.py install for PyDispatcher ... done Found existing installation: zope.interface 4.1.1 Uninstalling zope.interface-4.1.1: Successfully uninstalled zope.interface-4.1.1 Running setup.py install for zope.interface ... done Running setup.py install for Twisted ... doneSuccessfully installed Automat-0.7.0 PyDispatcher-2.0.5 PyHamcrest-1.9.0 Scrapy-1.5.1 Twisted-18.7.0 attrs-18.1.0 constantly-15.1.0 cssselect-1.0.3 functools32-3.2.3.post2 hyperlink-18.0.0 idna-2.7 incremental-17.5.0 parsel-1.5.0 pyasn1-modules-0.2.2 queuelib-1.5.0 service-identity-17.0.0 w3lib-1.19.0 zope.interface-4.5.0 |
6、檢查scrapy是否安裝成功，輸入scrapy --version
出現(xiàn)scrapy的版本信息，比如：Scrapy 1.5.1 - no active project即可。
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alicedeMacBook-Pro:~ alice$ scrapy --versionScrapy 1.5.1 - no active project Usage: scrapy <command> [options] [args] Available commands: bench Run quick benchmark test fetch Fetch a URL using the Scrapy downloader genspider Generate new spider using pre-defined templates runspider Run a self-contained spider (without creating a project) settings Get settings values shell Interactive scraping console startproject Create new project version Print Scrapy version view Open URL in browser, as seen by Scrapy [ more ] More commands available when run from project directory Use "scrapy <command> -h" to see more info about a command |
PS：如果中途沒有能夠正常訪問org網(wǎng)和使用sudo管理員權(quán)限安裝，則會(huì)出現(xiàn)類似的錯(cuò)誤提示
Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/basecommand.py", line 141, in main
status = self.run(options, args)
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/install.py", line 299, in run
resolver.resolve(requirement_set)
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Exception:Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/basecommand.py", line 141, in main status = self.run(options, args) File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/install.py", line 299, in run resolver.resolve(requirement_set) File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolve.py", line 102, in resolve self._resolve_one(requirement_set, req) File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolve.py", line 256, in _resolve_one abstract_dist = self._get_abstract_dist_for(req_to_install) File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolve.py", line 209, in _get_abstract_dist_for self.require_hashes File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py", line 283, in prepare_linked_requirement progress_bar=self.progress_bar File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/download.py", line 836, in unpack_url progress_bar=progress_bar File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/download.py", line 673, in unpack_http_url progress_bar) File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/download.py", line 897, in _download_http_url _download_url(resp, link, content_file, hashes, progress_bar) File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/download.py", line 617, in _download_url hashes.check_against_chunks(downloaded_chunks) File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/hashes.py", line 48, in check_against_chunks for chunk in chunks: File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/download.py", line 585, in written_chunks for chunk in chunks: File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/download.py", line 574, in resp_read decode_content=False): File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py", line 465, in stream data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content) File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py", line 430, in read raise IncompleteRead(self._fp_bytes_read, self.length_remaining) File "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/contextlib.py", line 35, in __exit__ self.gen.throw(type, value, traceback) File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py", line 345, in _error_catcher raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')ReadTimeoutError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='files.pythonhosted.org', port=443): Read timed out. |
按照指南上搭建好了Scrapy的環(huán)境。
Scrapy爬蟲運(yùn)行常見報(bào)錯(cuò)及解決
按照第一個(gè)Spider代碼練習(xí)，保存在 tutorial/spiders 目錄下的 dmoz_spider.py 文件中:
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import scrapy class DmozSpider(scrapy.Spider): name = "dmoz" allowed_domains = ["dmoz.org"] start_urls = [ "http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Books/", "http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Resources/" ] def parse(self, response): filename = response.url.split("/")[-2] with open(filename, 'wb') as f: f.write(response.body) |
terminal中運(yùn)行：scrapy crawl dmoz，試圖啟動(dòng)爬蟲
報(bào)錯(cuò)提示一：
Scrapy 1.6.0 - no active project
Unknown command: crawl
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alicedeMacBook-Pro:~ alice$ scrapy crawl dmozScrapy 1.6.0 - no active project Unknown command: crawl Use "scrapy" to see available commands |
原因是：在使用命令行startproject的時(shí)候，會(huì)自動(dòng)生成scrapy.cfg。而使用命令行cmd啟動(dòng)爬蟲時(shí)，crawl會(huì)去搜索cmd當(dāng)前目錄下的scrapy.cfg文件，官方文檔中也進(jìn)行了說明。找不到scrapy.cfg文件則認(rèn)為沒有該project。
解決方案：因此cd進(jìn)入該dmoz項(xiàng)目的根目錄，即scrapy.cfg文件在的目錄，執(zhí)行命令scrapy crawl dmoz
正常情況下得到的輸出應(yīng)該是：
2014-01-23 18:13:07-0400 [scrapy] INFO: Scrapy started (bot: tutorial)
2014-01-23 18:13:07-0400 [scrapy] INFO: Optional features available: ...
2014-01-23 18:13:07-0400 [scrapy] INFO: Overridden settings: {}
2014-01-23 18:13:07-0400 [scrapy] INFO: Enabled extensions: ...
2014-01-23 18:13:07-0400 [scrapy] INFO: Enabled downloader middlewares: ...
2014-01-23 18:13:07-0400 [scrapy] INFO: Enabled spider middlewares: ...
2014-01-23 18:13:07-0400 [scrapy] INFO: Enabled item pipelines: ...
2014-01-23 18:13:07-0400 [dmoz] INFO: Spider opened
2014-01-23 18:13:08-0400 [dmoz] DEBUG: Crawled (200) <GET http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Resources/> (referer: None)
2014-01-23 18:13:09-0400 [dmoz] DEBUG: Crawled (200) <GET http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Books/> (referer: None)
然而實(shí)際不是
報(bào)錯(cuò)提示二：
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/site-packages/scrapy/spiderloader.py", line 71, in load
raise KeyError("Spider not found: {}".format(spider_name))
KeyError: 'Spider not found: dmoz'
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alicedeMacBook-Pro:tutorial alice$ scrapy crawl dmoz2019-04-19 09:28:23 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Scrapy 1.6.0 started (bot: tutorial)2019-04-19 09:28:23 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Versions: lxml 4.3.3.0, libxml2 2.9.9, cssselect 1.0.3, parsel 1.5.0, w3lib 1.19.0, Twisted 18.7.0, Python 3.7.3 (v3.7.3:ef4ec6ed12, Mar 25 2019, 16:39:00) - [GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5666) (dot 3)], pyOpenSSL 18.0.0 (OpenSSL 1.1.0i 14 Aug 2018), cryptography 2.3.1, Platform Darwin-17.3.0-x86_64-i386-64bitTraceback (most recent call last): File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/site-packages/scrapy/spiderloader.py", line 69, in load return self._spiders[spider_name]KeyError: 'dmoz' During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/site-packages/scrapy/spiderloader.py", line 71, in load raise KeyError("Spider not found: {}".format(spider_name))KeyError: 'Spider not found: dmoz' |
原因：定位的目錄不正確，要進(jìn)入到dmoz在的目錄
解決方案：也比較簡(jiǎn)單，重新check目錄進(jìn)去即可
報(bào)錯(cuò)提示三：
File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/twisted/internet/_sslverify.py", line 15, in <module>
from OpenSSL._util import lib as pyOpenSSLlib
ImportError: No module named _util
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alicedeMacBook-Pro:tutorial alice$ scrapy crawl dmoz2018-08-06 22:25:23 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Scrapy 1.5.1 started (bot: tutorial)2018-08-06 22:25:23 [scrapy.utils.log] INFO: Versions: lxml 4.2.4.0, libxml2 2.9.8, cssselect 1.0.3, parsel 1.5.0, w3lib 1.19.0, Twisted 18.7.0, Python 2.7.10 (default, Jul 15 2017, 17:16:57) - [GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 9.0.0 (clang-900.0.31)], pyOpenSSL 0.13.1 (LibreSSL 2.2.7), cryptography unknown, Platform Darwin-17.3.0-x86_64-i386-64bit2018-08-06 22:25:23 [scrapy.crawler] INFO: Overridden settings: {'NEWSPIDER_MODULE': 'tutorial.spiders', 'SPIDER_MODULES': ['tutorial.spiders'], 'ROBOTSTXT_OBEY': True, 'BOT_NAME': 'tutorial'}Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/local/bin/scrapy", line 11, in <module> sys.exit(execute()) File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/scrapy/cmdline.py", line 150, in execute _run_print_help(parser, _run_command, cmd, args, opts) File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/scrapy/cmdline.py", line 90, in _run_print_help func(*a, **kw) File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/scrapy/cmdline.py", line 157, in _run_command t/ssl.py", line 230, in <module> from twisted.internet._sslverify import ( File "/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/twisted/internet/_sslverify.py", line 15, in <module> from OpenSSL._util import lib as pyOpenSSLlibImportError: No module named _util |
網(wǎng)上查了很久的資料，仍然無解。部分博主說是pyOpenSSL或Scrapy的安裝有問題，于是重新裝了pyOpenSSL和Scrapy，但還是報(bào)同樣錯(cuò)誤，實(shí)在不知道怎么解決了。
后面重裝了pyOpenSSL和Scrapy，貌似是解決了~
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2019-04-19 09:46:37 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Spider opened2019-04-19 09:46:37 [scrapy.extensions.logstats] INFO: Crawled 0 pages (at 0 pages/min), scraped 0 items (at 0 items/min)2019-04-19 09:46:39 [scrapy.core.engine] DEBUG: Crawled (403) <GET http://www.dmoz.org/robots.txt> (referer: None)2019-04-19 09:46:39 [scrapy.core.engine] DEBUG: Crawled (403) <GET http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Books/> (referer: None)2019-04-19 09:46:40 [scrapy.spidermiddlewares.httperror] INFO: Ignoring response <403 http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Books/>: HTTP status code is not handled or not allowed2019-04-19 09:46:40 [scrapy.core.engine] DEBUG: Crawled (403) <GET http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Resources/> (referer: None)2019-04-19 09:46:40 [scrapy.spidermiddlewares.httperror] INFO: Ignoring response <403 http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Programming/Languages/Python/Resources/>: HTTP status code is not handled or not allowed2019-04-19 09:46:40 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Closing spider (finished)2019-04-19 09:46:40 [scrapy.statscollectors] INFO: Dumping Scrapy stats:{'downloader/request_bytes': 737, 'downloader/request_count': 3, 'downloader/request_method_count/GET': 3, 'downloader/response_bytes': 2103, 'downloader/response_count': 3, 'downloader/response_status_count/403': 3, 'finish_reason': 'finished', 'finish_time': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 19, 1, 46, 40, 570939), 'httperror/response_ignored_count': 2, 'httperror/response_ignored_status_count/403': 2, 'log_count/DEBUG': 3, 'log_count/INFO': 9, 'log_count/WARNING': 1, 'memusage/max': 65601536, 'memusage/startup': 65597440, 'response_received_count': 3, 'robotstxt/request_count': 1, 'robotstxt/response_count': 1, 'robotstxt/response_status_count/403': 1, 'scheduler/dequeued': 2, 'scheduler/dequeued/memory': 2, 'scheduler/enqueued': 2, 'scheduler/enqueued/memory': 2, 'start_time': datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 19, 1, 46, 37, 468659)}2019-04-19 09:46:40 [scrapy.core.engine] INFO: Spider closed (finished)alicedeMacBook-Pro:tutorial alice$ |
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原文鏈接：https://blog.csdn.net/alice_tl/article/details/81433214
