前言
學pytest就不得不說fixture,fixture是pytest的精髓所在,就像unittest中的setup和teardown一樣,如果不學fixture那么使用pytest和使用unittest是沒什么區別的(個人理解)。
fixture用途
1.做測試前后的初始化設置,如測試數據準備,鏈接數據庫,打開瀏覽器等這些操作都可以使用fixture來實現
2.測試用例的前置條件可以使用fixture實現
3.支持經典的xunit fixture ,像unittest使用的setup和teardown
4.fixture可以實現unittest不能實現的功能,比如unittest中的測試用例和測試用例之間是無法傳遞參數和數據的,但是fixture卻可以解決這個問題
fixture定義
fixture通過@pytest.fixture()裝飾器裝飾一個函數,那么這個函數就是一個fixture,看個實例
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# test_fixture.py import pytest @pytest .fixture() def fixtureFunc(): return 'fixtureFunc' def test_fixture(fixtureFunc): print ( '我調用了{}' . format (fixtureFunc)) if __name__ = = '__main__' : pytest.main([ '-v' , 'test_fixture.py' ]) |
執行結果
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test_fixture.py .我調用了fixtureFunc [ 100 % ] = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 1 passed in 0.02 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Process finished with exit code 0 |
fixtureFunc 這個函數就是一個fixture,fixture函數內部可以實現一些初始化操作!
fixture使用
調用fixture有三種方式
方式1
fixture的名字直接作為測試用例的參數,上面的實例就這這種方式,再來看一個實例
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# test_fixture.py import pytest @pytest .fixture() def fixtureFunc(): return 'fixtureFunc' def test_fixture(fixtureFunc): print ( '我調用了{}' . format (fixtureFunc)) class TestFixture( object ): def test_fixture_class( self , fixtureFunc): print ( '在類中使用fixture "{}"' . format (fixtureFunc)) if __name__ = = '__main__' : pytest.main([ '-v' , 'test_fixture.py' ]) |
方式2
每個函數或者類前使用@pytest.mark.usefixtures('fixture')裝飾器裝飾
實例
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# test_fixture.py import pytest @pytest .fixture() def fixtureFunc(): print ( '\n fixture->fixtureFunc' ) @pytest .mark.usefixtures( 'fixtureFunc' ) def test_fixture(): print ( 'in test_fixture' ) @pytest .mark.usefixtures( 'fixtureFunc' ) class TestFixture( object ): def test_fixture_class( self ): print ( 'in class with text_fixture_class' ) if __name__ = = '__main__' : pytest.main([ '-v' , 'test_fixture.py' ]) |
方式3
指定fixture的參數autouse=True這樣每個測試用例會自動調用fixture(其實這里說的不是很準確,因為還涉及到fixture的作用范圍,那么我們這里默認是函數級別的,后面會具體說fixture的作用范圍)
實例
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# test_fixture.py import pytest @pytest .fixture(autouse = True ) def fixtureFunc(): print ( '\n fixture->fixtureFunc' ) def test_fixture(): print ( 'in test_fixture' ) class TestFixture( object ): def test_fixture_class( self ): print ( 'in class with text_fixture_class' ) if __name__ = = '__main__' : pytest.main([ '-v' , 'test_fixture.py' ]) |
結果
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fixture - >fixtureFunc . in test_fixture fixture - >fixtureFunc . in class with text_fixture_class [ 100 % ] = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2 passed in 0.04 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = |
從結果可以看到每個測試用例執行前都自動執行了fixture
小結
掌握上面的方法,就可以使用fixture了,那么這幾種方式又有是區別呢? 其實從我寫的代碼中就能看出來, 如果測試用例需要使用fixture中返回的參數,那么通過后面這兩種方式是無法使用返回的參數的,因為fixture中返回的數據默認存在fixture名字里面存儲,所以只能使用第一種方式才可以調用fixture中的返回值。(理論永遠是理論,看文章的老鐵還是自己試試吧!)
fixtur作用范圍
上面所有的實例默認都是函數級別的,所以測試函數只要調用了fixture,那么在測試函數執行前都會先指定fixture。說到作用范圍就不得不說fixture 的第二個參數scope參數。
scope參數可以是session, module,class,function; 默認為function
1.session 會話級別(通常這個級別會結合conftest.py文件使用,所以后面說到conftest.py文件的時候再說)
2.module 模塊級別: 模塊里所有的用例執行前執行一次module級別的fixture
3.class 類級別 :每個類執行前都會執行一次class級別的fixture
4.function :前面實例已經說了,這個默認是默認的模式,函數級別的,每個測試用例執行前都會執行一次function級別的fixture
下面我們通過一個實例具體看一下 fixture的作用范圍
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# test_fixture.py import pytest @pytest .fixture(scope = 'module' , autouse = True ) def module_fixture(): print ( '\n-----------------' ) print ( '我是module fixture' ) print ( '-----------------' ) @pytest .fixture(scope = 'class' ) def class_fixture(): print ( '\n-----------------' ) print ( '我是class fixture' ) print ( '-------------------' ) @pytest .fixture(scope = 'function' , autouse = True ) def func_fixture(): print ( '\n-----------------' ) print ( '我是function fixture' ) print ( '-------------------' ) def test_1(): print ( '\n 我是test1' ) @pytest .mark.usefixtures( 'class_fixture' ) class TestFixture1( object ): def test_2( self ): print ( '\n我是class1里面的test2' ) def test_3( self ): print ( '\n我是class1里面的test3' ) @pytest .mark.usefixtures( 'class_fixture' ) class TestFixture2( object ): def test_4( self ): print ( '\n我是class2里面的test4' ) def test_5( self ): print ( '\n我是class2里面的test5' ) if __name__ = = '__main__' : pytest.main([ '-v' , '--setup-show' , 'test_fixture.py' ]) |
運行結果
我們在cdm里面執行使用 --setup-show 可以查看到具體setup和teardoen順序
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test_fixture.py SETUP M module_fixture SETUP F func_fixture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 我是module fixture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 我是function fixture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - test_fixture.py::test_1 (fixtures used: func_fixture, module_fixture). 我是test1 TEARDOWN F func_fixture SETUP C class_fixture SETUP F func_fixture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 我是 class fixture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 我是function fixture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - test_fixture.py::TestFixture1::test_2 (fixtures used: class_fixture, func_fixture, module_fixture). 我是class1里面的test2 TEARDOWN F func_fixture SETUP F func_fixture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 我是function fixture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - test_fixture.py::TestFixture1::test_3 (fixtures used: class_fixture, func_fixture, module_fixture). 我是class1里面的test3 TEARDOWN F func_fixture TEARDOWN C class_fixture SETUP C class_fixture SETUP F func_fixture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 我是 class fixture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 我是function fixture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - test_fixture.py::TestFixture2::test_4 (fixtures used: class_fixture, func_fixture, module_fixture). 我是class2里面的test4 TEARDOWN F func_fixture SETUP F func_fixture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 我是function fixture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - test_fixture.py::TestFixture2::test_5 (fixtures used: class_fixture, func_fixture, module_fixture). 我是class2里面的test5 TEARDOWN F func_fixture TEARDOWN C class_fixture TEARDOWN M module_fixture = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 5 passed in 0.05 seconds = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = |
我們可以很清楚的看到 整個模塊只執行了一次module級別的fixture , 每個類分別執行了一次class級別的fixture, 而每一個函數之前都執行了一次function級別的fixture
fixture實現teardown
其實前面的所有實例都只是做了測試用例執行之前的準備工作,那么用例執行之后該如何實現環境的清理工作呢?這不得不說yield關鍵字了,相比大家都或多或少的知道這個關鍵字,他的作用其實和return差不多,也能夠返回數據給調用者,唯一的不同是被掉函數執行遇到yield會停止執行,接著執行調用處的函數,調用出的函數執行完后會繼續執行yield關鍵后面的代碼(具體原理可以看下我之前的文章關于生成器)。看下下面的實例來了解一下如何實現teardown功能
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import pytest from selenium import webdriver import time @pytest .fixture() def fixtureFunc(): '''實現瀏覽器的打開和關閉''' driver = webdriver.Firefox() yield driver driver.quit() def test_search(fixtureFunc): '''訪問百度首頁,搜索pytest字符串是否在頁面源碼中''' driver = fixtureFunc driver.get( 'http://www.baidu.com' ) driver.find_element_by_id( 'kw' ).send_keys( 'pytest' ) driver.find_element_by_id( 'su' ).click() time.sleep( 3 ) source = driver.page_source assert 'pytest' in source if __name__ = = '__main__' : pytest.main([ '--setup-show' , 'test_fixture.py' ]) |
這個實例會先打開瀏覽器,然后執行測試用例,最后關閉瀏覽器。大家可以試試! 通過yield就實現了 用例執行后的teardown功能
總結
1.fixture如何定義
2.fixture的使用方式
3.fixture作用范圍
4.fixture用yield實現teardown功能
最后提一句:實際工作中盡量少用auto=True這個參數,可能會引發意想不到的結果! 最常用的還是通過傳遞參數最好!
以上就是本文的全部內容,希望對大家的學習有所幫助,也希望大家多多支持服務器之家。
原文鏈接:https://www.cnblogs.com/linuxchao/p/linuxchao-pytest-fixture.html