CRUD是Create(創(chuàng)建)、Read(讀取)、Update(更新)和Delete(刪除)的縮寫,它是普通應(yīng)用程序的縮影。如果您掌握了某框架的CRUD編寫,那么意味可以使用該框架創(chuàng)建普通應(yīng)用程序了,所以大家使用新框架開發(fā)OLTP(Online Transaction Processing)應(yīng)用程序時(shí),首先會(huì)研究一下如何編寫CRUD。這類似于大家在學(xué)習(xí)新編程語言時(shí)喜歡編寫“Hello World”。
本文旨在講述Struts 2上的CRUD開發(fā),所以為了例子的簡單易懂,我不會(huì)花時(shí)間在數(shù)據(jù)庫的操作上。取而代之的是一個(gè)模擬數(shù)據(jù)庫的哈希表(Hash Map)。
具體實(shí)現(xiàn)
首先,讓我們看看的“冒牌”的DAO(Data Access Object,數(shù)據(jù)訪問對(duì)象),代碼如下:
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package tutorial.dao; import java.util.Collection; import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap; import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap; import tutorial.model.Book; public class BookDao { private static final BookDao instance; private static final ConcurrentMap<String, Book> data; static { instance = new BookDao(); data = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Book>(); data.put( "978-0735619678" , new Book( "978-0735619678" , "Code Complete, Second Edition" , 32.99 )); data.put( "978-0596007867" , new Book( "978-0596007867" , "The Art of Project Management" , 35.96 )); data.put( "978-0201633610" , new Book( "978-0201633610" , "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software" , 43.19 )); data.put( "978-0596527341" , new Book( "978-0596527341" , "Information Architecture for the World Wide Web: Designing Large-Scale Web Sites" , 25.19 )); data.put( "978-0735605350" , new Book( "978-0735605350" , "Software Estimation: Demystifying the Black Art" , 25.19 )); } private BookDao() {} public static BookDao getInstance() { return instance; } public Collection<Book> getBooks() { return data.values(); } public Book getBook(String isbn) { return data.get(isbn); } public void storeBook(Book book) { data.put(book.getIsbn(), book); } public void removeBook(String isbn) { data.remove(isbn); } public void removeBooks(String[] isbns) { for (String isbn : isbns) { data.remove(isbn); } } } |
清單1 src/tutorial/dao/BookDao.java
以上代碼相信不用解釋大家也清楚,我使用ConcurrentMap數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)存儲(chǔ)Book對(duì)象,這主要是為了方便檢索和保存Book對(duì)象;另外,我還將data變量設(shè)為靜態(tài)唯一來模擬應(yīng)用程序的數(shù)據(jù)庫。
接下來是的數(shù)據(jù)模型Book類,代碼如下:
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package tutorial.model; public class Book { private String isbn; private String title; private double price; public Book() { } public Book(String isbn, String title, double price) { this .isbn = isbn; this .title = title; this .price = price; } public String getIsbn() { return isbn; } public void setIsbn(String isbn) { this .isbn = isbn; } public double getPrice() { return price; } public void setPrice( double price) { this .price = price; } public String getTitle() { return title; } public void setTitle(String title) { this .title = title; } } |
清單2 src/tutorial/model/Book.java
Book類有三個(gè)屬性isbn,、title和price分別代表書籍的編號(hào)、名稱和價(jià)格,其中編號(hào)用于唯一標(biāo)識(shí)書籍(相當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)庫中的主鍵)。
然后,我們?cè)賮砜纯碅ction類的代碼:
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package tutorial.action; import java.util.Collection; import tutorial.dao.BookDao; import tutorial.model.Book; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; public class BookAction extends ActionSupport { private static final long serialVersionUID = 872316812305356L; private String isbn; private String[] isbns; private Book book; private Collection<Book> books; private BookDao dao = BookDao.getInstance(); public Book getBook() { return book; } public void setBook(Book book) { this .book = book; } public String getIsbn() { return isbn; } public void setIsbn(String isbn) { this .isbn = isbn; } public String[] getIsbns() { return isbns; } public void setIsbns(String[] isbns) { this .isbns = isbns; } public Collection<Book> getBooks() { return books; } public void setBooks(Collection<Book> books) { this .books = books; } public String load() { book = dao.getBook(isbn); return SUCCESS; } public String list() { books = dao.getBooks(); return SUCCESS; } public String store() { dao.storeBook(book); return SUCCESS; } public String remove() { if ( null != isbn) { dao.removeBook(isbn); } else { dao.removeBooks(isbns); } return SUCCESS; } } |
清單3 src/tutorial/action/BookAction.java
BookAction類中屬性isbn用于表示待編輯或刪除的書籍的編號(hào),屬性isbns用于表示多個(gè)待刪除的書籍的編號(hào)數(shù)組,屬性book表示當(dāng)前書籍,屬性books則表示當(dāng)前的書籍列表。BookAction有四個(gè)Action方法分別是load、list、store和remove,也即是CRUD都集中在BookAction中實(shí)現(xiàn)。
再下來是Action的配置代碼:
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<?xml version= "1.0" encoding= "UTF-8" ?> <!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN" "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd" > <struts> < package name= "Struts2_CRUD_DEMO" extends = "struts-default" namespace= "/Book" > <action name= "List" class = "tutorial.action.BookAction" method= "list" > <result>List.jsp</result> </action> <action name= "Edit" class = "tutorial.action.BookAction" method= "load" > <result>Edit.jsp</result> </action> <action name= "Store" class = "tutorial.action.BookAction" method= "store" > <result type= "redirect" >List.action</result> </action> <action name= "Remove" class = "tutorial.action.BookAction" method= "remove" > <result type= "redirect" >List.action</result> </action> </ package > </struts> |
清單4 src/struts.xml
以上的配置中,我使用了四個(gè)Action定義。它們都在“/Book”名值空間內(nèi)。這樣我就可以分別通過“http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/List.action”、“http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/Edit.action”、“http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/Store.action”和“http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/Remove.action”來調(diào)用BookAction的四個(gè)Action方法進(jìn)行CRUD操作。當(dāng)然,這只是個(gè)人喜好,你大可以只定義一個(gè)Action(假設(shè)其名稱為“Book”),之后通過“http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book!list.action”的方式來訪問,詳細(xì)做法請(qǐng)參考《Struts 2.0的Action講解》。另外,我由于希望在完成編輯或刪除之后回到列表頁,所以使用類型為redirect(重定向)的result。
下面是列表頁面的代碼:
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<%@ page language= "java" contentType= "text/html; charset=utf-8" pageEncoding= "utf-8" %> <%@ taglib prefix= "s" uri= "/struts-tags" %> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd" > <html xmlns= "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" > <head> <title>Book List</title> <style type= "text/css" > table { border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse; } table thead tr th { border: 1px solid black; padding: 3px; background-color: #cccccc; } table tbody tr td { border: 1px solid black; padding: 3px; } </style> </head> <body> <h2>Book List</h2> <s:form action= "Remove" theme= "simple" > <table cellspacing= "0" > <thead> <tr> <th>Select</th> <th>ISBN</th> <th>Title</th> <th>Price</th> <th>Operation</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <s:iterator value= "books" > <tr> <td><input type= "checkbox" name= "isbns" value= '<s:property value="isbn" />' /></td> <td><s:property value= "isbn" /></td> <td><s:property value= "title" /></td> <td>$<s:property value= "price" /></td> <td> <a href= '<s:url action="Edit"><s:param name="isbn" value="isbn" /></s:url>' > Edit </a> <a href= '<s:url action="Remove"><s:param name="isbn" value="isbn" /></s:url>' > Delete </a> </td> </tr> </s:iterator> </tbody> </table> <s:submit value= "Remove" /><a href= "Edit.jsp" >Add Book</a> </s:form> </body> </html> |
清單5 WebContent/Book/List.jsp
以上代碼,值得注意的是在<s:form>標(biāo)簽,我設(shè)置了theme屬性為“simple”,這樣可以取消其默認(rèn)的表格布局。之前,有些朋友問我“如果不希望提交按鈕放在右邊應(yīng)該怎樣做?”,上述做汗是答案之一。當(dāng)然,更佳的做法自定義一個(gè)theme,并將其設(shè)為默認(rèn)應(yīng)用到整個(gè)站點(diǎn),如此一來就可以得到統(tǒng)一的站點(diǎn)風(fēng)格。我會(huì)在以后的文章中會(huì)對(duì)此作詳細(xì)的描述。
編輯或添加書籍的頁面代碼如下:
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<%@ page language= "java" contentType= "text/html; charset=utf-8" pageEncoding= "utf-8" %> <%@ taglib prefix= "s" uri= "/struts-tags" %> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd" > <html xmlns= "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" > <head> <title>Book</title> </head> <body> <h2> <s: if test= "null == book" > Add Book </s: if > <s: else > Edit Book </s: else > </h2> <s:form action= "Store" > <s:textfield name= "book.isbn" label= "ISBN" /> <s:textfield name= "book.title" label= "Title" /> <s:textfield name= "book.price" label= "Price" /> <s:submit /> </s:form> </body> </html> |
清單6 WebContent/Book/Edit.jsp
如果book為null,則表明該頁面用于添加書籍,反之則為編輯頁面。
為了方便大家運(yùn)行示例,我把web.xml的代碼也貼出來,如下:
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<?xml version= "1.0" encoding= "UTF-8" ?> <web-app id= "WebApp_9" version= "2.4" xmlns= "http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee" xmlns:xsi= "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation= "http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd" > <display-name>Struts 2 Fileupload</display-name> <filter> <filter-name>struts2</filter-name> <filter- class > org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.FilterDispatcher </filter- class > </filter> <filter-mapping> <filter-name>struts2</filter-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </filter-mapping> <welcome-file-list> <welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file> </welcome-file-list> </web-app> |
清單7 WebContent/WEB-INF/web.xml
大功告成,下面發(fā)布運(yùn)行應(yīng)用程序,在瀏覽器中鍵入:http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/List.action,出現(xiàn)如下圖所示頁面:
清單8 列表頁面
點(diǎn)擊“Add Book”,出現(xiàn)如下圖所示頁面:
清單9 添加書籍頁面
后退回到列表頁面,點(diǎn)擊“Edit”,出現(xiàn)如下圖所示頁面:
清單10 編輯書籍頁面
總結(jié)
本文只是粗略地了介紹Struts 2的CRUD實(shí)現(xiàn)方法,所以有很多功能沒有實(shí)現(xiàn),如國際化和數(shù)據(jù)校驗(yàn)等。大家可以在上面例子的基礎(chǔ)將其完善,當(dāng)作練習(xí)也不錯(cuò)。有不明白的地方歡迎給我留言,小編會(huì)及時(shí)回復(fù)大家的,在此也非常感謝大家對(duì)服務(wù)器之家網(wǎng)站的支持!