深拷貝(深復制)和淺拷貝(淺復制)是兩個比較通用的概念,尤其在C++語言中,若不弄懂,則會在delete的時候出問題,但是我們在這幸好用的是Java。雖然java自動管理對象的回收,但對于深拷貝(深復制)和淺拷貝(淺復制),我們還是要給予足夠的重視,因為有時這兩個概念往往會給我們帶來不小的困惑。
淺拷貝是指拷貝對象時僅僅拷貝對象本身(包括對象中的基本變量),而不拷貝對象包含的引用指向的對象。深拷貝不僅拷貝對象本身,而且拷貝對象包含的引用指向的所有對象。舉例來說更加清楚:對象A1中包含對B1的引用,B1中包含對C1的引用。淺拷貝A1得到A2,A2 中依然包含對B1的引用,B1中依然包含對C1的引用。深拷貝則是對淺拷貝的遞歸,深拷貝A1得到A2,A2中包含對B2(B1的copy)的引用,B2 中包含對C2(C1的copy)的引用。
若不對clone()方法進行改寫,則調用此方法得到的對象即為淺拷貝,下面我們著重談一下深拷貝。
運行下面的程序,看一看淺拷貝:
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class Professor0 implements Cloneable { String name; int age; Professor0(String name, int age) { this .name = name; this .age = age; } public Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException { return super .clone(); } } class Student0 implements Cloneable { String name; // 常量對象。 int age; Professor0 p; // 學生1和學生2的引用值都是一樣的。 Student0(String name, int age, Professor0 p) { this .name = name; this .age = age; this .p = p; } public Object clone() { Student0 o = null ; try { o = (Student0) super .clone(); } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) { System.out.println(e.toString()); } return o; } } public class ShallowCopy { public static void main(String[] args) { Professor0 p = new Professor0( "wangwu" , 50 ); Student0 s1 = new Student0( "zhangsan" , 18 , p); Student0 s2 = (Student0) s1.clone(); s2.p.name = "lisi" ; s2.p.age = 30 ; s2.name = "z" ; s2.age = 45 ; System.out.println( "學生s1的姓名:" + s1.name + "\n學生s1教授的姓名:" + s1.p.name + "," + "\n學生s1教授的年紀" + s1.p.age); // 學生1的教授 } } |
s2變了,但s1也變了,證明s1的p和s2的p指向的是同一個對象。這在我們有的實際需求中,卻不是這樣,因而我們需要深拷貝:
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class Professor implements Cloneable { String name; int age; Professor(String name, int age) { this .name = name; this .age = age; } public Object clone() { Object o = null ; try { o = super .clone(); } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) { System.out.println(e.toString()); } return o; } } class Student implements Cloneable { String name; int age; Professor p; Student(String name, int age, Professor p) { this .name = name; this .age = age; this .p = p; } public Object clone() { Student o = null ; try { o = (Student) super .clone(); } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) { System.out.println(e.toString()); } o.p = (Professor) p.clone(); return o; } } public class DeepCopy { public static void main(String args[]) { long t1 = System.currentTimeMillis(); Professor p = new Professor( "wangwu" , 50 ); Student s1 = new Student( "zhangsan" , 18 , p); Student s2 = (Student) s1.clone(); s2.p.name = "lisi" ; s2.p.age = 30 ; System.out.println( "name=" + s1.p.name + "," + "age=" + s1.p.age); // 學生1的教授不改變。 long t2 = System.currentTimeMillis(); System.out.println(t2-t1); } } |
當然我們還有一種深拷貝方法,就是將對象串行化:
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import java.io.*; //Serialization is time-consuming class Professor2 implements Serializable { /** * */ private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; String name; int age; Professor2(String name, int age) { this .name = name; this .age = age; } } class Student2 implements Serializable { /** * */ private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; String name; // 常量對象。 int age; Professor2 p; // 學生1和學生2的引用值都是一樣的。 Student2(String name, int age, Professor2 p) { this .name = name; this .age = age; this .p = p; } public Object deepClone() throws IOException, OptionalDataException, ClassNotFoundException { // 將對象寫到流里 ByteArrayOutputStream bo = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); ObjectOutputStream oo = new ObjectOutputStream(bo); oo.writeObject( this ); // 從流里讀出來 ByteArrayInputStream bi = new ByteArrayInputStream(bo.toByteArray()); ObjectInputStream oi = new ObjectInputStream(bi); return (oi.readObject()); } } public class DeepCopy2 { /** * @param args */ public static void main(String[] args) throws OptionalDataException, IOException, ClassNotFoundException { long t1 = System.currentTimeMillis(); Professor2 p = new Professor2( "wangwu" , 50 ); Student2 s1 = new Student2( "zhangsan" , 18 , p); Student2 s2 = (Student2) s1.deepClone(); s2.p.name = "lisi" ; s2.p.age = 30 ; System.out.println( "name=" + s1.p.name + "," + "age=" + s1.p.age); // 學生1的教授不改變。 long t2 = System.currentTimeMillis(); System.out.println(t2-t1); } } |
但是串行化卻很耗時,在一些框架中,我們便可以感受到,它們往往將對象進行串行化后進行傳遞,耗時較多。