對線程分組是Java并發API提供的一個有趣功能。我們可以將一組線程看成一個獨立單元,并且可以隨意操縱線程組中的線程對象。比如,可以控制一組線程來運行同樣的任務,無需關心有多少線程還在運行,還可以使用一次中斷調用中斷所有線程的執行。
Java提供了ThreadGroup類來控制一個線程組。一個線程組可以通過線程對象來創建,也可以由其他線程組來創建,生成一個樹形結構的線程。
根據《Effective Java》的說明,不再建議使用ThreadGroup。建議使用Executor。
——D瓜哥特此說明。
在本節,我們就使用ThreadGroup來開發一個簡單的示例。我們將創建十個休眠時間不等的線程(比如模擬搜索),當其中一個完成時,中斷其余線程。
知其然
按照下面所示步驟,完成示例代碼。
1.創建一個名為Result的類,用于存儲第一個完成任務的線程的名字。聲明一個String類型的私有變量,name,同時生成Setter/Getter方法。代碼如下:
public class Result {
private String name;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
2.創建一個名為SearchTask的類,并實現Runnable接口。代碼如下:
public class SearchTask implements Runnable {
3.聲明一個Result類型的私有變量,并通過構造函數來實例化該變量。代碼如下:
private Result result;
public SearchTask(Result result) {
this.result = result;
}
4.實現run()方法,在其中調用doTask()方法,來等待完成或被中斷。該方法還向控制臺打印信息來顯示線程的開始、結束或者中斷。代碼如下:
@Override
public void run() {
String name = Thread.currentThread().getName();
System.out.printf("Thread %s: Start\n", name);
try {
doTask();
result.setName(name);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.printf("Thread %s: Interrupted\n", name);
return;
}
System.out.printf("Thread %s: End\n", name);
}
5.實現doTask()方法,該方法將創建一個Random對象,然后使用該對象生成一個隨機數,來調節線程休眠的時間。代碼如下:
// 模擬搜索
private void doTask() throws InterruptedException {
Random random = new Random(new Date().getTime());
int value = (int) (random.nextDouble() * 100);
System.out.printf("Thread %s: %d\n",
Thread.currentThread().getName(), value);
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(value);
}
6.創建示例程序的主類,Main,并實現main()方法。代碼如下:
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
7.創建一個名稱為Searcher的ThreadGroup對象。代碼如下:
ThreadGroup threadGroup = new ThreadGroup("Searcher");
8.然后,創建一個Result對象和SearchTask對象。代碼如下:
Result result = new Result();
SearchTask searchTask = new SearchTask(result);
9.SearchTask對象使用創建十個Thread對象,并且創建Thread對象時,將ThreadGroup對象作為第一個參數,傳遞給Thread類的構造函數。代碼如下:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
Thread thread = new Thread(threadGroup, searchTask);
thread.start();
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
10.使用list()方法將ThreadGroup對象的信息打印出來。代碼如下:
System.out.printf("Number of Threads: %d\n", threadGroup.activeCount());
System.out.println("Information about the Thread Group");
threadGroup.list();
11.使用activeCount()和enumerate()來獲取ThreadGroup對象中的活躍線程數并將其復制到一個線程數組中。使用get*()方法,獲取線程的名稱和狀態。代碼如下:
Thread[] threads = new Thread[threadGroup.activeCount()];
threadGroup.enumerate(threads);
for (int i = 0; i < threadGroup.activeCount(); i++) {
System.out.printf("Thread %s: %s\n", threads[i].getName(),
threads[i].getState());
}
12.調用waitFinish()方法,等待ThreadGroup對象中的其中一個線程完成任務。稍后實現該方法。代碼如下:
waitFinish(threadGroup);
13.使用interrupt()方法,中斷線程組中其他線程。代碼如下:
threadGroup.interrupt();
14.實現waitFinish()方法,使用activeCount()方法控制線程的執行結果。代碼如下:
// 等待任務完成
private static void waitFinish(ThreadGroup threadGroup) {
while (threadGroup.activeCount() > 9) {
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
15.運行程序,查看執行效果。
知其所以然
下面是程序執行的結果。你將看到list()方法的輸出,各個線程的狀態等。
Thread Thread-0: Start
Thread Thread-0: 52
Thread Thread-1: Start
Thread Thread-1: 41
Thread Thread-2: Start
Thread Thread-2: 69
Thread Thread-3: Start
Thread Thread-3: 60
Thread Thread-4: Start
Thread Thread-4: 88
Number of Threads: 5
Information about the Thread Group
java.lang.ThreadGroup[name=Searcher,maxpri=10]
Thread[Thread-0,5,Searcher]
Thread[Thread-1,5,Searcher]
Thread[Thread-2,5,Searcher]
Thread[Thread-3,5,Searcher]
Thread[Thread-4,5,Searcher]
Thread Thread-0: TIMED_WAITING
Thread Thread-1: TIMED_WAITING
Thread Thread-2: TIMED_WAITING
Thread Thread-3: TIMED_WAITING
Thread Thread-4: TIMED_WAITING
Thread Thread-1: Interrupted
Thread Thread-4: Interrupted
Thread Thread-2: Interrupted
Thread Thread-0: Interrupted
Thread Thread-3: Interrupted
ThreadGroup類保存著眾多Thread對象以及關聯的ThreadGroup對象。可以通過調用該類的方法,訪問線程的信息,還可以對其進行各種操作,比如中斷等。
永無止境
ThreadGroup類還有好多方法。請翻閱API文檔,查看完整的方法說明。
拿來主義
本文是從 《Java 7 Concurrency Cookbook》 (D瓜哥竊譯為 《Java7并發示例集》 )翻譯而來,僅作為學習資料使用。沒有授權,不得用于任何商業行為。
小有所成
下面是本節示例所用的代碼的完整版。
Result類的完整代碼:
package com.diguage.books.concurrencycookbook.chapter1.recipe10;
/**
* 存儲查詢結果
* Date: 2013-09-30
* Time: 00:45
*/
public class Result {
private String name;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
SearchTask類的完整代碼
package com.diguage.books.concurrencycookbook.chapter1.recipe10;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
/**
* 模擬搜索類
* Date: 2013-10-02
* Time: 22:38
*/
public class SearchTask implements Runnable {
private Result result;
public SearchTask(Result result) {
this.result = result;
}
@Override
public void run() {
String name = Thread.currentThread().getName();
System.out.printf("Thread %s: Start\n", name);
try {
doTask();
result.setName(name);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.printf("Thread %s: Interrupted\n", name);
return;
}
System.out.printf("Thread %s: End\n", name);
}
// 模擬搜索
private void doTask() throws InterruptedException {
Random random = new Random(new Date().getTime());
int value = (int) (random.nextDouble() * 100);
System.out.printf("Thread %s: %d\n",
Thread.currentThread().getName(), value);
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(value);
}
}
Main類的完整代碼:
package com.diguage.books.concurrencycookbook.chapter1.recipe10;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
/**
* 線程組示例主類
* Date: 2013-10-02
* Time: 22:45
*/
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ThreadGroup threadGroup = new ThreadGroup("Searcher");
Result result = new Result();
SearchTask searchTask = new SearchTask(result);
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
Thread thread = new Thread(threadGroup, searchTask);
thread.start();
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
System.out.printf("Number of Threads: %d\n", threadGroup.activeCount());
System.out.println("Information about the Thread Group");
threadGroup.list();
Thread[] threads = new Thread[threadGroup.activeCount()];
threadGroup.enumerate(threads);
for (int i = 0; i < threadGroup.activeCount(); i++) {
System.out.printf("Thread %s: %s\n", threads[i].getName(),
threads[i].getState());
}
waitFinish(threadGroup);
threadGroup.interrupt();
}
// 等待任務完成
private static void waitFinish(ThreadGroup threadGroup) {
while (threadGroup.activeCount() > 9) {
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}