軟件開發(fā)中,bug就像家常便飯一樣。有了bug就需要修復(fù),在Git中,由于分支是如此的強(qiáng)大,所以,每個(gè)bug都可以通過一個(gè)新的臨時(shí)分支來修復(fù),修復(fù)后,合并分支,然后將臨時(shí)分支刪除。
當(dāng)你接到一個(gè)修復(fù)一個(gè)代號(hào)101的bug的任務(wù)時(shí),很自然地,你想創(chuàng)建一個(gè)分支issue-101
來修復(fù)它,但是,等等,當(dāng)前正在dev
上進(jìn)行的工作還沒有提交:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
|
$ git status # On branch dev # Changes to be committed: # (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) # # new file: hello.py # # Changes not staged for commit: # (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) # (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) # # modified: readme.txt # |
并不是你不想提交,而是工作只進(jìn)行到一半,還沒法提交,預(yù)計(jì)完成還需1天時(shí)間。但是,必須在兩個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)修復(fù)該bug,怎么辦?
幸好,Git還提供了一個(gè)stash功能,可以把當(dāng)前工作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)“儲(chǔ)藏”起來,等以后恢復(fù)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)后繼續(xù)工作:
1
2
3
|
$ git stash Saved working directory and index state WIP on dev: 6224937 add merge HEAD is now at 6224937 add merge |
現(xiàn)在,用git status
查看工作區(qū),就是干凈的(除非有沒有被Git管理的文件),因此可以放心地創(chuàng)建分支來修復(fù)bug。
首先確定要在哪個(gè)分支上修復(fù)bug,假定需要在master
分支上修復(fù),就從master
創(chuàng)建臨時(shí)分支:
1
2
3
4
5
|
$ git checkout master Switched to branch 'master' Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 6 commits. $ git checkout -b issue-101 Switched to a new branch 'issue-101' |
現(xiàn)在修復(fù)bug,需要把“Git is free software ...”改為“Git is a free software ...”,然后提交:
1
2
3
4
|
$ git add readme.txt $ git commit -m "fix bug 101" [issue-101 cc17032] fix bug 101 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) |
修復(fù)完成后,切換到master
分支,并完成合并,最后刪除issue-101
分支:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
|
$ git checkout master Switched to branch 'master' Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 2 commits. $ git merge --no-ff -m "merged bug fix 101" issue-101 Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy. readme.txt | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) $ git branch -d issue-101 Deleted branch issue-101 (was cc17032). |
太棒了,原計(jì)劃兩個(gè)小時(shí)的bug修復(fù)只花了5分鐘!現(xiàn)在,是時(shí)候接著回到dev
分支干活了!
1
2
3
4
5
|
$ git checkout dev Switched to branch 'dev' $ git status # On branch dev nothing to commit (working directory clean) |
工作區(qū)是干凈的,剛才的工作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)存到哪去了?用git stash list命令看看:
1
2
|
$ git stash list stash@{0}: WIP on dev: 6224937 add merge |
工作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)還在,Git把stash內(nèi)容存在某個(gè)地方了,但是需要恢復(fù)一下,有兩個(gè)辦法:
一是用git stash apply
恢復(fù),但是恢復(fù)后,stash內(nèi)容并不刪除,你需要用git stash drop
來刪除;
另一種方式是用git stash pop
,恢復(fù)的同時(shí)把stash內(nèi)容也刪了:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
|
$ git stash pop # On branch dev # Changes to be committed: # (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) # # new file: hello.py # # Changes not staged for commit: # (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) # (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) # # modified: readme.txt # Dropped refs /stash @{0} (f624f8e5f082f2df2bed8a4e09c12fd2943bdd40) |
再用git stash list
查看,就看不到任何stash內(nèi)容了:
1
|
$ git stash list |
你可以多次stash,恢復(fù)的時(shí)候,先用git stash list
查看,然后恢復(fù)指定的stash,用命令:
1
|
$ git stash apply stash@{0} |
Feature分支
軟件開發(fā)中,總有無窮無盡的新的功能要不斷添加進(jìn)來。
添加一個(gè)新功能時(shí),你肯定不希望因?yàn)橐恍?shí)驗(yàn)性質(zhì)的代碼,把主分支搞亂了,所以,每添加一個(gè)新功能,最好新建一個(gè)feature分支,在上面開發(fā),完成后,合并,最后,刪除該feature分支。
現(xiàn)在,你終于接到了一個(gè)新任務(wù):開發(fā)代號(hào)為Vulcan的新功能,該功能計(jì)劃用于下一代星際飛船。
于是準(zhǔn)備開發(fā):
1
2
|
$ git checkout -b feature-vulcan Switched to a new branch 'feature-vulcan' |
5分鐘后,開發(fā)完畢:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
|
$ git add vulcan.py $ git status # On branch feature-vulcan # Changes to be committed: # (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) # # new file: vulcan.py # $ git commit -m "add feature vulcan" [feature-vulcan 756d4af] add feature vulcan 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) create mode 100644 vulcan.py |
切回dev,準(zhǔn)備合并:
1
|
$ git checkout dev |
一切順利的話,feature分支和bug分支是類似的,合并,然后刪除。
但是,就在此時(shí),接到上級(jí)命令,因經(jīng)費(fèi)不足,新功能必須取消!
雖然白干了,但是這個(gè)分支還是必須就地銷毀:
1
2
3
|
$ git branch -d feature-vulcan error: The branch 'feature-vulcan' is not fully merged. If you are sure you want to delete it, run 'git branch -D feature-vulcan' . |
銷毀失敗。Git友情提醒,feature-vulcan
分支還沒有被合并,如果刪除,將丟失掉修改,如果要強(qiáng)行刪除,需要使用命令git branch -D feature-vulcan。
現(xiàn)在我們強(qiáng)行刪除:
1
2
|
$ git branch -D feature-vulcan Deleted branch feature-vulcan (was 756d4af). |
終于刪除成功!