MySQL用戶和權限
在MySQL中有一個系統自身就帶有的數據庫叫MySQL，數據庫裝好以后系統自帶了好幾個數據庫MySQL就是其中過一個，MySQL數據庫有個用戶賬戶權限相關的表叫user表，在其中就有創建的用戶。
MySQL中完整的用戶名是由用戶+主機名形成，主機名決定了這個用戶在哪個主機上能登陸。
一、用戶的創建和密碼修改
1.用戶的創建
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create user 'USERNAME'@'HOST' identified by 'PASSWORD'; |
USERNAME:用戶名
HOST:主機地址
PASSWORD:密碼
示例：
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MariaDB [(none)]> create user masuri@192.168.73.133 identified by 'centos';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)MariaDB [(none)]> select user,host,password from mysql.user;+--------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+| user | host | password |+--------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+| root | localhost | || root | localhost.localdomain | || root | 127.0.0.1 | || root | ::1 | || | localhost | || | localhost.localdomain | || masuri | 192.168.73.133 | *128977E278358FF80A246B5046F51043A2B1FCED |+--------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+7 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
MySQL中有匿名賬戶，可以通過跑安全加固腳本mysql_secure_installation來進行刪除，也可以手動將其刪除。
刪除用戶：
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DROP USER 'USERNAME'@'HOST'; |
示例：
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MariaDB [(none)]> select user,host,password from mysql.user;+--------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+| user | host | password |+--------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+| root | localhost | || root | localhost.localdomain | || root | 127.0.0.1 | || root | ::1 | || | localhost | || | localhost.localdomain | || masuri | 192.168.73.133 | *128977E278358FF80A246B5046F51043A2B1FCED |+--------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+7 rows in set (0.00 sec)MariaDB [(none)]> DROP USER ''@'localhost';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)MariaDB [(none)]> DROP USER ''@'localhost.localdomain';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)MariaDB [(none)]> select user,host,password from mysql.user;+--------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+| user | host | password |+--------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+| root | localhost | || root | localhost.localdomain | || root | 127.0.0.1 | || root | ::1 | || masuri | 192.168.73.133 | *128977E278358FF80A246B5046F51043A2B1FCED |+--------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
2.密碼的修改
mysql密碼的修改
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SET PASSWORD FOR user = PASSWORD('cleartext password')UPDATE table SET password = password('cleartext password') |
示例：
對masuri用戶做密碼的修改
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MariaDB [(none)]> SET PASSWORD FOR masuri@192.168.73.133 = PASSWORD ('magedu');Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)MariaDB [(none)]> select user,host,password from mysql.user;+--------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+| user | host | password |+--------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+| root | localhost | || root | localhost.localdomain | || root | 127.0.0.1 | || root | ::1 | || masuri | 192.168.73.133 | *6B8CCC83799A26CD19D7AD9AEEADBCD30D8A8664 |+--------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+#此時密碼已經發生改變 |
root賬號口令為空，為root口令設置口令，由于一條一條的設置太過麻煩也可以使用修改表的操作來修改密碼
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MariaDB [(none)]> update mysql.user set password=password('centos') where user='root';Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.01 sec)Rows matched: 4 Changed: 4 Warnings: 0MariaDB [(none)]> select user,host,password from mysql.user;+--------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+| user | host | password |+--------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+| root | localhost | *128977E278358FF80A246B5046F51043A2B1FCED || root | localhost.localdomain | *128977E278358FF80A246B5046F51043A2B1FCED || root | 127.0.0.1 | *128977E278358FF80A246B5046F51043A2B1FCED || root | ::1 | *128977E278358FF80A246B5046F51043A2B1FCED || masuri | 192.168.73.133 | *6B8CCC83799A26CD19D7AD9AEEADBCD30D8A8664 |+--------+-----------------------+-------------------------------------------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
此時密碼已經修改但依舊無法登陸，需要將權限刷新
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MariaDB [(none)]> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
二、MySQL權限管理
權限管理涉及到多種權限的類別，比如說有管理類、程序類、數據庫級別、表級別和字段級別
管理類：能否創建用戶，能否顯示數據庫列表，能否重新加載配置文件，能否關閉數據庫，和復制相關的能否執行，能否管理進程，能否創建臨時表，能否創建數據庫中的文件。
程序類主要涉及3個程序，函數，存儲過程和觸發器，例如能否創建，修改，刪除和執行這些程序庫，表和字段級別的權限：比如能否在庫，表字段里進行增、刪、查、改等操作
1.授權GRANT
授權用戶時如果用戶不存在可以將其創建出來，在授權前首先要確認自己是管理員有授權的權限。
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GRANT priv_type [(column_list)] [, priv_type [(column_list)]] ... ON [object_type] priv_level TO user_specification [, user_specification] ... [REQUIRE {NONE | ssl_option [[AND] ssl_option] ...}] [WITH with_option ...] |
示例：
創建一個wordpress的用戶，并授權。
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MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE DATABASE wordpress;Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT ALL ON wordpress.* TO wpuser@'192.168.73.%' identified by 'mylinuxops';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) |
2.查看用戶的權限
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MariaDB [(none)]> show grants for wpuser@'192.168.73.%';+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| Grants for wpuser@192.168.73.% |+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'wpuser'@'192.168.73.%' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*EC0DBFB480593BB6ED2EC028A4231A72D8137406' || GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `wordpress`.* TO 'wpuser'@'192.168.73.%' |+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
3.授權的其他選項
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MAX_QUESRIES_PER_HOUR count #每小時最多查多少次MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR count #每小時最多改多少次MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR count #每小時最多連多少次MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS count #用戶的最大數連接數 |
取消權限
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REVOKE priv_type [(column_list)] [, priv_type [(column_list)]] ... ON [object_type] priv_level FROM user [, user] ... |
示例：
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MariaDB [(none)]> revoke delete on wordpress.* from wpuser@'192.168.73.%';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)MariaDB [(none)]> show grants for wpuser@'192.168.73.%';+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| Grants for wpuser@192.168.73.% |+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'wpuser'@'192.168.73.%' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*EC0DBFB480593BB6ED2EC028A4231A72D8137406' || GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, CREATE, DROP, REFERENCES, INDEX, ALTER, CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES, LOCK TABLES, EXECUTE, CREATE VIEW, SHOW VIEW, CREATE ROUTINE, ALTER ROUTINE, EVENT, TRIGGER ON `wordpress`.* TO 'wpuser'@'192.168.73.%' |+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)# 此時wpuser@'192.168.73.%'已經沒有了delete權限 |
MySQL的root口令破解
工作中有時候可能會遇到root口令丟失的情況，此時可以通過以下方法進行找回root口令
以下為示范如何破解root口令
一、密碼未知無法登陸MySQL
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[root@localhost ~]# mysqlERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: NO) |
二、破解
1.修改配置文件/etc/my.cnf，添加兩行參數
skip_grant_tables:跳過授權表信息，此項生效后再次使用MySQL就無需使用密碼了，但是遠程的其他用戶也可以不使用密碼登陸，有一定的風險性
skip_networking:關閉網路功能，由于光啟用skip_grant_tables選項，其他用戶也可以無需密碼登陸MySQL非常危險，所以需要關閉網路功能只允許本地的用戶進行操作。
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[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf[mysqld]skip_networking=on #不啟用網絡功能skip_grant_tables=on #跳過授權表[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart #對位置文件修改后需要重新啟動服務Restarting mysqld (via systemctl): [ OK ] |
2.登陸MySQL，進行密碼修改
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[root@localhost ~]# mysql #此時已經無需輸入密碼就能登陸Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.Your MariaDB connection id is 11Server version: 10.2.23-MariaDB-log Source distributionCopyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.MariaDB [(none)]> UPDATE mysql.user SET password=PASSWORD('123456') where user='root'; #對root的口令進行修改Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.01 sec)Rows matched: 4 Changed: 4 Warnings: 0 |
3.口令修改完畢后，需要將配置文件恢復
將剛才啟用的兩個選項進行注銷或者刪除，然后重啟服務
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[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf[mysqld]#skip_networking=on #skip_grant_tables=on [root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restartRestarting mysqld (via systemctl): [ OK ] |
4.使用新口令登陸MySQL
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[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.Your MariaDB connection id is 10Server version: 10.2.23-MariaDB-log Source distributionCopyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.MariaDB [(none)]> |
以上就是本文的全部內容，希望對大家的學習有所幫助，也希望大家多多支持服務器之家。
原文鏈接：https://blog.51cto.com/11886307/2388443
